Methods for treating restenosis using annexin a5

ABSTRACT

A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of restenosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof to a patient in need of such treatment. A method for the treatment of stenosis in a patient comprising performing an intervention for the treatment of stenosis in conjunction with administering a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof for the prophylaxis or treatment of restenosis. A drug eluting stent, wherein the drug is Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof, and a method of making such a stent.

This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/058,068, filed Mar. 1, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/918,709, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,295,716, which wasfiled Aug. 20, 2010, as a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB2009/000454, filedFeb. 20, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/030,803, filed Feb. 22, 2008. The entire text of theabove-referenced disclosures are specifically incorporated herein byreference without disclaimer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to novel methods and compositions for theprophylaxis or treatment of restenosis, such as restenosis followingbypass grafting and or percutaneous coronary or peripheralcatheter-based interventions aiming at restoring blood flow to ischaemictissue.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The listing or discussion of an apparently prior-published document inthis specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgementthat the document is part of the state of the art of is common generalknowledge.

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is normally the result of atherosclerosisin the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arterialintima, and starts as focal deposition of lipid material andinflammatory cells. When these lipid laden lesions become advanced, theymay become stenosing (i.e. cause narrowing of the blood vessel) and canthus limit blood flow to parts of the myocardium. Atherosclerosis occursalso in other arteries and can lead to stenosis in the vessels toespecially the legs, brain and kidneys. This blood flow limitation cancause ischaemic pain, such as angina pectoris and intermittentclaudication.

Another consequence of atherosclerosis is that the lesions can becomeunstable and rupture, leading to the formation of an arterial thrombusat the site of rupture. This thrombus severely compromises oxygen supplyto the downstream tissue and will, unless the thrombus is resolved, leadto infarction of the ischaemic tissue (myocardial infarction, stroke,etc.). Myocardial infarction and stroke are the two most common causesof death worldwide.

Restoring normal blood supply to ischaemic tissue is the most importantacute goal for the treatment of ischaemic disorders, this can beachieved by medication or by intervention. In patients with acutearterial thrombotic events such as acute myocardial infarction, it isimportant to restore blood flow to the ischaemic tissue as quickly aspossible, in order to reduce the consequences of the thrombotic event,and surgical intervention is common in this situation. Patients withstable angina pectoris or other ischaemic disorders that cannot beadequately controlled with drugs can also be treated surgically.

Surgical interventions, such as for coronary revascularisation, areperformed by either bypass grafting (such as coronary artery bypassgrafting, CABG) or by catheter based interventions. In the case ofbypass surgery such as CABG, a mammary artery is exposed, its distal endremoved from the breast and sutured into a position distal to thestenosed segment of the coronary artery, thus allowing perfusion of theischaemic tissue. If the mammary artery cannot be used, or if multiplebypasses are required, the surgeon will use veins from the legs (veingrafts). In this case, a vein segment is removed and placed from theaorta to a position distal to the stenosis.

During catheter based interventions, such as PCI (percutaneous coronaryintervention), a balloon catheter is typically inserted through afemoral artery and guided into the stenotic segment, where the balloonis inflated and the stenotic segment thus dilated. This is also known asballoon angioplasty. Other procedures that are done during PCI mayinclude implantation of a stent, or atherectomy, such as rotational orlaser atherectomy (removal of atheromatous plaque material). To improveefficacy of the intervention, a stent catheter can be used to implant astent. In this case, the catheter will also place a metal stent tosupport the artery wall to maintain lumen calibres.

Interventions intended to restore normal blood flow to ischemic tissuecan result in restenosis, caused by the formation of a neointima orneointimal thickening. The underlying cause is vascular smooth muscleinjury and disruption of the integrity of the endothelial lining. Theprocess is also characterised by the presence and activity ofinflammatory cells and eventual co-morbidities the patient suffers. Theunderlying molecular mechanisms of the processes of development of theprimary stenosis and the secondary restenosis are different, but thereis considerable overlap between the two.

Bypass grafting is an effective intervention, but a common complicationis the so called restenosis, the rapid development of a neointima thatwill lead to the formation of a new stenosis in the graft vessel, oftenresulting in the need to perform a repeat revascularisation procedure.This is especially common in vein grafts, where approximately 15% ofgrafts occlude during the first year, and by 10 years 50% of the graftvessels are stenotic (Motwani and Topol, 1998). Vein graft failure canbe considered as an injury-induced inflammatory disease, includingmacrophage infiltration and activation and medial smooth muscle cellactivation (Zhang et al., 2004).

Also after PCI is restenosis a common complication. It is more common toperform a repeat revascularisation procedure after PCI than after CABG;the absolute rates at 5 years were 46.1% after balloon angioplasty,40.1% after PCI with stents, and 9.8% after CABG (Bravata et al., 2007).

Proliferation of smooth muscle cells of a matrix synthesising phenotypeis an important factor in the process leading to neointima formation. Arecent development that effectively reduces restenosis is the so calleddrug eluting stents (DES). These stents are coated with polymers thatcontain cytostatic agents (e.g., rapamycin), that effectively inhibitsthe proliferative response to the surgical intervention. In patientsreceiving DES, restenosis occurs typically with an incidence below 4%.However, the DES stents do not become fully integrated into the vesselwall, and they are associated with an increased risk for thrombusformation, that cannot be effectively controlled with drugs. In fact,the advantage of DES as concerns restenosis do not lead to a significantimprovement in prognosis for the patient, as increased risk forthrombosis offsets this effect. In fact, there are now recommendationsto use DES with caution, and recommendations to increase anti-thrombotictherapy has also been issued (Smith et al., 2006).

The restenotic lesions are inflammatory lesions that at leastsuperficially have similarities to the primary atherosclerotic lesions.The dominating cells are smooth muscle cells, but also macrophages/foamcells and T-lymphocytes are present in restenosis lesions. CABG and PCIare effective treatments for stenosis, and there has been some advantagein medical approaches to limit intervention associated complications,but effective treatments that prevent restenosis effectively wouldfurther improve the treatment. Even in the case of DES, it would be anadvantage if the stents could be coated with an effectiveanti-restenotic agent that does not lead to an increased risk for theformation of arterial thrombi.

From the above summary, it becomes evident that an effective treatmentthat reduces the formation of restenosis is a therapeutic opportunityfor disease conditions where revascularisation procedures are performed,independent of whether the technique used to obtain revascularisation isbypass grafting or by balloon dilatation of the stenosed vessel segment,with or without stent placement.

Annexin A5 is an endogenous protein that binds to charged phospholipidssuch as phosphatidylserine (PS) (Cederholm and Frostegard, 2007).Annexin A5 is a potent anti-thrombotic agent (Thiagarajan and Benedict,1997), and it is proposed that Annexin A5 by binding to exposed PS canform a ‘protective shield’ that can inhibit the effects of PS onthrombosis formation (Rand, 2000).

It has been shown that in addition to anti-platelet and anti-coagulanteffects of Annexin A5, this protein and an analogue thereof, the AnnexinA5 dimer diannexin, is effective in preventing reperfusion injury in theliver (Teoh et al., 2007), and it improved the outcome of rat livertransplants (Shen et al., 2007). Interestingly, in both these studiesthe treatments were associated with a reduced inflammatory activity inthe hepatic endothelium, measured as reduced expression of adhesionmolecules, that is Annexin A5 has anti-inflammatory effects. It wassuggested that diannexin improved the survival of the liver transplantsby an anti-thrombotic effect leading to maintained blood supply to theliver (Shen et al., 2007). It has earlier been suggested that Annexin A5can be used to stabilise atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries inpatients, which should reduce the risk for myocardial infarction inthese patients (Cederholm et al., 2005; WO 2005/099744).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention provides a method for the prophylaxis ortreatment of restenosis comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variantthereof to a patient in need of such treatment.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment ofstenosis in a patient comprising performing an intervention for thetreatment of stenosis in conjunction with administering atherapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogueor variant thereof.

A third aspect of the invention provides pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or afunctional analogue or variant thereof for the prophylaxis or treatmentof restenosis.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a drug eluting stent, whereinthe drug is Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof.

A fifth aspect of the invention provides a method for making a stent fordelivering Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof to apatient, the method comprising incorporating Annexin A5 or a functionalanalogue or variant thereof into or onto a stent body.

It is contemplated that any method or composition described herein canbe implemented with respect to any other method or composition describedherein.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

These, and other, embodiments of the invention will be betterappreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with thefollowing description and the accompanying drawings. It should beunderstood, however, that the following description, while indicatingvarious embodiments of the invention and numerous specific detailsthereof, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Manysubstitutions, modifications, additions and/or rearrangements may bemade within the scope of the invention without departing from the spiritthereof, and the invention includes all such substitutions,modifications, additions and/or rearrangements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Quantification of leukocytes the arterial wall in APOE*3-Leidentransgenic mice, fed a cholesterol-rich diet, three days after femoralartery cuff surgery and daily treatment with vehicle or recombinanthuman annexin A5. The percentage of leukocytes is expressed as mean±SEM.

FIG. 2. Quantification of monocytes and macrophages stained with AIA31240 in the arterial wall in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice, fed acholesterol-rich diet, three days after femoral artery cuff surgery anddaily treatment with vehicle or recombinant human annexin A5. Thepercentage of macrophages in the total number of cells counted (attachedto the endothelium or infiltrated in the media) is expressed asmean±SEM.

FIG. 3. Quantification of cells expressing MCP-1 in the arterial wall inAPOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice, fed a cholesterol-rich diet, three daysafter femoral artery cuff surgery and daily treatment with vehicle orrecombinant human annexin A5. The percentage of cells expressing MCP-1is expressed as mean±SEM.

FIG. 4. Vein graft thickening of APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice, fed acholesterol-rich diet, 28 days after vein graft surgery and dailytreatment with vehicle, recombinant human or murine annexin A5. Areabetween the lumen and adventitia is represented as mean±SEM (mm²). n.s.:not significant.

FIG. 5. Quantification of the number of leukocytes in the vein graftwall in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice, fed a cholesterol-rich diet, 28days after vein graft surgery and daily treatment with vehicle,recombinant human or murine annexin A5. The number of cells is expressedas mean±SEM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Here, the inventors show that Annexin A5 can reduce the formation of aneointima in two mouse models of restenosis. Thus, Annexin A5 oranalogues thereof present a new treatment modality with anti-restenoticproperties that can reduce the number of restenosis-relatedcomplications in patients undergoing bypass grafting or angioplastyprocedures for revascularisation of ischemic tissue. There are noprevious reports to show that Annexin A5 has anti-restenotic properties.Annexin A5 can therefore be used to prevent restenosis. Annexin A5 canbe administered systemically, and it can also be used as ananti-restenotic agent in drug eluting stents.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a method for the prophylaxisor treatment of restenosis comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variantthereof to a patient in need of such treatment.

Put another way, the first aspect of the invention provides Annexin A5or a functional analogue or variant thereof for use in the prophylaxisor treatment of restenosis. By “prophylaxis” we include prevention,particularly prevention of the development of restenosis, or reductionin the development of restenosis (primary prophylaxis) and secondaryprophylaxis, in which restenosis has already occurred, but the patientis protected against worsening of the condition, or the conditionworsens more gradually or to a reduced extent. By “treatment” we includethe meaning that existing restenosis can be reversed, either partiallyor totally, in the patient.

The patient is typically a human patient. Alternatively, the patient maybe a non-human animal, such as a domestic animal (for example, cat, dog,rabbit, cow, sheep, pig, mouse or other rodent).

Restenosis may occur following an intervention aimed at restoring normalblood flow to ischemic tissue, such as a revascularisation procedurethat has been used to treat stenosis of a blood vessel, or the build-upof atheromatous plaque in a blood vessel. Stenosis or vessel obstructiondue to atheroma can be diagnosed by a physician according to means knownin the art. Coronary stenosis is typically assessed by coronaryangiography or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The latter is also usedto quantify arterial plaque. Jasti et al (2004) Circulation 110:2831-2836 describe parameters that can be measured by IVUS, and alsoquantitative coronary angiography. Suitable parameters of a targetlesion and reference segment that can be measured by IVUS are: (1)minimum and maximum lumen diameters (mm); (2) minimal lumencross-sectional area (MLA, mm²); (3) plaque plus media cross-sectionalarea (CSA, mm²) equal to the external elastic membrane cross-sectionalarea (EEM CSA) minus the MLA; (4) cross-sectional narrowing (CSN), whichwas calculated as plaque plus media CSA divided by the EEM CSA; (5) thereference segment, which was the normal-looking artery cross sectionlocated proximal or distal to the stenosis; typically average ofmeasurements proximal and distal to the stenosis can be determined; and(6) area stenosis (AS), calculated as the reference-lumen CSA-lesionMLAx100/reference-lumen CSA. Mean lumen diameter (MLD) of ≤2.8 mm ormean lumen area of ≤5.9 mm² were indicative of a clinically significantstenosis which warrants intervention in this study. The skilled personwill appreciate that different cut-off values may be appropriate fordiagnosis of stenosis in different vessels. A reduction of the lumen to50% of the reference segment is often considered as a clinicallyrelevant stenosis.

Non-invasive means of diagnosing stenosis are also known. Holte et al(2007) Cardiovascular ultrasound 5: 33 describe transthoracic Dopplerechocardiography for direct visualisation of coronary segments andassessment of the coronary velocity flow reserve (CVFR). By thistechnique, coronary stenoses typically show local flow acceleration andturbulence expressed as colour aliasing by colour flow Doppler andaccelerated flow velocities across the stenosis. To assess the severityof the stenoses, flow acceleration can be quantified by comparing flowvelocities at the site of aliasing with nearest upstream nonacceleratedprestenotic flow velocities. A maximal-to-prestenotic peak diastolicflow velocity ratio greater than 2.0 predicts significant stenosis withhigh sensitivity and specificity.

Stenosis is not limited to coronary arteries and may occur in cerebralblood vessels as well as other peripheral arteries such as renalarteries and arteries of the limbs. Stenosis may be diagnosed in suchvessels in a similar manner to diagnosis in coronary vessels, or byfunctional testing such as treadmill exercise.

Typically, restenosis may become apparent within weeks, months or yearsof the intervention aimed at restoring normal blood flow to ischemictissue and, if untreated, progress over a time frame of weeks, months oryears. Restenosis may or may not be diagnosed during follow-up after theintervention, and may first be noticed when it results in clinicalcomplications such as angina, thrombosis or infarction. Restenosis istypically diagnosed by a physician according to the same means used todiagnose stenosis. Typically, coronary restenosis may be assessed bycoronary angiography, IVUS or by non-invasive means such astransthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Similar clinical parameters asdescribed above in relation to diagnosis of stenosis are also used forthe diagnosis of restenosis. A maximal-to-prestenotic peak diastolicflow velocity ratio greater than 2.0 determined by transthoracic Dopplerechocardiography may be indicative of restenosis, as described in Holteet al, supra. Hirata et al (2006) J Amer. Soc. Echocardiography19:165-191 describe non-invasive diagnosis of restenosis bytransthoracic Doppler echocardiography in patients 6 months afterundergoing successful PCI of the left anterior descending coronaryartery. Restenosis of peripheral blood vessels, such as renal or limbarteries may be diagnosed by similar methods, or by functional testingsuch as treadmill exercise.

In a method of prophylaxis according to the first aspect of theinvention that is intended to prevent or reduce development ofrestenosis, the Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof istypically administered at the time of or shortly before the interventionaimed at restoring normal blood flow to ischemic tissue. For example, itmay be administered at least 1 week, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2days, 1 day, 12 hours, 8 hours, 4 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour or 30 minutesbefore the intervention or at the time of the intervention. Typically,administration of the Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variantthereof is continued after the surgical intervention, for example for atleast 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5years or 10 years after the intervention. Annexin A5 or functionalanalogue or variant thereof may be provided by repeat administration ofsuitable dosage forms, or by administration in a controlled releaseform, such as in a drug eluting stent deployed during the intervention,or as a combination of one or more forms of administration. It will beappreciated that the exact duration of continuation of administration ofthe Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof may be chosento coincide with the degree of risk of restenosis at different timesafter the intervention. For example, where a bare-metal stent isdeployed during the intervention, neointima formation typically peaks atabout 6 months after the intervention, and then regresses, whereas wherea drug eluting stent is deployed, restenosis tends to develop moreslowly, but continues to develop up to 1 or 2 years or even more than 2years after intervention (Ong and Serruys (2005) Curr Issues Cardiol 32:372-377).

In other embodiments of the first aspect of the invention, Annexin A5 orfunctional analogue or variant thereof is administered as a secondaryprophylaxis, to prevent or reduce worsening of restenosis that hasalready occurred; or as a treatment, to completely or partially reverserestenosis that has already occurred. Typically, the Annexin A5 orfunctional analogue or variant thereof is administered after the primaryrevascularisation procedure, and following diagnosis of restenosis inthe patient. Typically, Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variantthereof is provided by repeat administration of suitable dosage forms.Typically, administration is continued for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 1month, 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years afterdiagnosis of restenosis. It is also envisaged that a furtherrevascularisation procedure may be undertaken as a treatment for therestenosis, and that the Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variantthereof may be provided as a controlled release drug, such as in a drugeluting stent deployed during the further revascularisation procedure. Acombination of one or more forms of administration may be provided.

By administering a “therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or afunctional analogue or variant thereof”, we mean administering an amountwhich has a beneficial effect in preventing or reducing the developmentof restenosis, treating restenosis, or preventing or reducing theworsening of existing restenosis. Where the Annexin A5 or a functionalanalogue or variant thereof prevents or reduces development ofrestenosis, typically, restenosis is not diagnosable following onset ofadministration, or it becomes diagnosable later than would be expected(i.e. compared to its development in the absence of the administrationof Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof), or developsless quickly after diagnosis, or develops to a reduced extent afterdiagnosis, or there is a combination of any two or all three of laterdiagnosability, slower progression and reduced development. Typically,restenosis would be diagnosable at least 1 month, at least 3 months, 6months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years later than would have beenexpected in the absence of administration of Annexin A5 or a functionalanalogue or variant thereof. Where, following diagnosis of restenosis,progression of restenosis is slower in the patient who has beenadministered the Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof,this typically results in the need for a repeat revascularisationprocedure to occur later, typically, at least 1 month, at least 3months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years later than wouldhave been expected in the absence of administration of Annexin A5 or afunctional analogue or variant thereof. Typically, where the Annexin A5or a functional analogue or variant thereof is administered to treatrestenosis, symptoms of restenosis disappear over time, such thatrestenosis is no longer diagnosable at 10 years, at 5 years, 2 years, 1year, 6 months, 3 months or at 1 month following administration. WhereAnnexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof is administeredto prevent or reduce the worsening of existing restenosis, thistypically results in the need for a repeat revascularisation procedureto occur later, typically, at least 1 month, at least 3 months, 6months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years later than would have beenexpected in the absence of administration of Annexin A5 or a functionalanalogue or variant thereof.

Suitably, the beneficial effect of administering Annexin A5 or afunctional analogue or variant thereof on restenosis (e.g. laterdiagnosability, slower progression and/or reduced development) can beidentified by determining by IVUS the mean lumen diameter or mean lumenarea of the blood vessel that is at risk of or has undergone restenosisfollowing a revascularisation procedure, in a subject who has beenand/or is being administered Annexin A5 or a functional analogue orvariant thereof, and comparing it to the same parameter in a subject whohas undergone the same type of revascularisation procedure in the sametype of blood vessel a similar period of time ago, but who has not beadministered Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof.Suitably, the mean lumen diameter will be at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%,7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% or even200% larger in the treated subject than in the subject who has not beentreated with Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof, ata time point of 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months,9 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years after therevascularisation procedure has been performed, assuming thatadministration of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereofwas commenced at the time of or before the revascularisation procedure.Alternatively, the mean lumen area will typically be at least 2%, 3%,4%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 45%, 55%, 70%, 100%, 225%, 300%, 400%, 500%,600% or even 900% larger in the treated than the untreated subject atany of the time points mentioned above. Preferably, the above notedincrease in mean lumen diameter or area is observed at 6 months afterthe revascularisation procedure.

The skilled person will appreciate that other endpoints may beappropriate to identify a therapeutic effect of administration ofAnnexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof. For example,myocardial infarction and/or death are common consequences ofrestenosis. Subjects administered Annexin A5 or functional analogue orvariant thereof may experience a reduced risk of myocardial infarction,and/or survive for longer than would be expected in the absence of theadministration of Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof.

An effect of administration of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue orvariant thereof on diagnosability of restenosis following arevascularisation procedure can be determined by clinical trials,typically involving tens, hundreds, or thousands of patients (such as10, 50, 100, 1000 or 10000 or values between these). Alternatively,animal tests may be used, such as those described below in relation tothe testing of functional analogues and variants of Annexin A5, and inthe Examples.

Subjects who may benefit from prophylaxis or treatment according to thefirst aspect of the invention include subjects who are to undergo anintervention aimed at restoring normal blood flow to ischemic tissue, orthose subjects at the time of the intervention or subsequent to theintervention. The patient can be a subject undergoing or havingundergone a revascularisation procedure in the coronary circulation orin a peripheral vessel. Such an intervention may be a surgicalintervention or a percutaneous intervention. For example, the procedurecan be a bypass grafting, such as coronary artery bypass grafting, or acatheter based intervention, such as balloon angioplasty with or withoutimplantation of a stent and with or without atherectomy, such aspercutaneous coronary intervention or angioplasty. Suitably, in thefirst aspect of the invention, the restenosis is associated to a bypassgrafting. In other words, the restenosis has occurred, or is at risk ofoccurring, due to a bypass grafting procedure. Suitably, in the firstaspect of the invention, the restenosis is associated to a catheterbased intervention. In other words, the restenosis has occurred, or isat risk of occurring, due to a catheter based intervention. Suitably,the restenosis is associated with the implantation of a stent, whetheror not this procedure has been performed in the context of a surgicalintervention such as bypass grafting, or a catheter based intervention.Other suitable subjects include subjects who have been or are to betreated for an aneurysm, such as by stent grafting.

The Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof can beadministered in conjunction with one or more further active agent(s),such as a thrombolytic therapeutic such as aspirin, clopidogrel,triclopidine, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, or a bacterialenzyme such as streptokinase. The Annexin A5 or functional analogue orvariant thereof can be co-administered with any of one or more furtheractive agent(s), or it may be administered separately, simultaneously orsequentially with such agent(s). Typically, one or more of these agentsis used to reduce the risk of thrombosis, which can occlude bloodvessels, including stented blood vessels. Suitably, therapy is commencedwith triclopidine or clopidogrel before a revascularisation procedureinvolving stent deployment, and is continued for at least three, six oreven twelve months after the procedure (Ong and Serruys, supra).Typically, aspirin is administered concomitantly with triclopidine orclopidogrel and then continued indefinitely. The use of aspirin togetherwith clopidogrel or triclopidine is referred to as dual antiplatelettherapy. Similar regimes of antithrombotic drug administration may beapplied before and following other types of intervention.

The Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof can beadministered parenterally, intravenously, intra-arterially,intra-peritoneally, intra-muscularly, subcutaneously or locally from adrug eluting stent. Where a subject has been implanted with a stent, theAnnexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof may be releasedfrom the stent (i.e. the stent is a drug eluting stent) or the subjectmay be administered Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereofby another of the routes listed above.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for the treatment ofstenosis in a patient comprising performing an intervention for thetreatment of stenosis in conjunction with administering atherapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogueor variant thereof. Put another way, the second aspect of the inventionprovides Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof for usein the treatment of stenosis in conjunction with a stenosis therapy.

Stenosis may occur and may be diagnosed as described above. By “anintervention for the treatment of stenosis” we mean any interventionintended to treat stenosis in a patient. Art known stenosisinterventions include surgical interventions, such as vein grafting,including bypass grafting such as coronary artery bypass grafting, andcatheter-based interventions, such as balloon angioplasty with orwithout implantation of a stent and with or without atherectomy,including percutaneous coronary intervention.

In the second aspect of the invention, the Annexin A5 or functionalanalogue or variant thereof is administered in conjunction with theintervention for the treatment of stenosis. In other words, theadministration and the intervention are performed separately,simultaneously or sequentially. As discussed in relation to the firstaspect of the invention, the Annexin A5 or functional analogue orvariant thereof may be administered at least 1 week, 6 days, 5 days, 4days, 3 days, 2 days, 1 day, 12 hours, 8 hours, 4 hours, 2 hours, 1 houror 30 minutes before the intervention or at the time of theintervention. Typically, administration of the Annexin A5 or functionalanalogue or variant thereof is continued after the surgicalintervention, for example for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or 10 years after theintervention.

The Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof is administeredin order to prevent or reduce the development of restenosis followingthe stenosis treatment. Thus a “therapeutically effective amount” ofAnnexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof has a beneficialeffect in preventing or reducing the development of restenosis, asdescribed above in relation to the first aspect of the invention.

Suitable subjects and patient groups who may benefit from the method ofthe second aspect of the invention, suitable routes and doses ofadministration, and suitable adjunct therapies, are as described abovein relation to the first aspect of the invention.

A third aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or afunctional analogue or variant thereof for the prophylaxis or treatmentof restenosis. Put another way, the third aspect of the inventionprovides use of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereoffor the manufacture of a medicinal product for the prophylaxis ortreatment of restenosis.

Prophylaxis and treatment of restenosis are as described in relation tothe first aspect of the invention.

A pharmaceutical composition according to the third aspect of theinvention may thus comprise Annexin A5 or a functional analogue orvariant thereof in admixture with a pharmaceutically or veterinarilyacceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier, which will typically beselected with regard to the intended route of administration andstandard pharmaceutical practice. The composition may be in the form ofimmediate-, delayed- or controlled-release applications. Preferably, theformulation is a unit dosage containing a daily dose or unit, dailysub-dose or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.

The phrases “pharmaceutical or pharmacologically acceptable” refer tocompositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untowardreaction when administered to an animal, such as, for example, a human,as appropriate. The preparation of such pharmaceutical compositions areknown to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure,as exemplified by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. MackPrinting Company, 1990, incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, foranimal (e.g., human) administration, it will be understood thatpreparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety andpurity standards as required by FDA Office of Biological Standards.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any andall solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants,preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonicagents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, excipients,disintegration agents, such like materials and combinations thereof, aswould be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Except insofar asany conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, itsuse in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may, or maynot, be intended for, and, thus formulated in a manner suitable for,parenteral, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intra-muscularor subcutaneous administration, or administration from a drug-elutingstent, or they may be administered by infusion techniques. Sterileinjectable solutions may be prepared by incorporating the activecompounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with variousof the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed bysterilization. The pharmaceutical compositions may be best used in theform of a sterile aqueous solution which may contain other substances,for example, enough salts or glucose to make the solution isotonic withblood. The aqueous solutions may be suitably buffered (preferably to apH of from 3 to 9), if necessary. The preparation of suitablepharmaceutical formulations under sterile conditions is readilyaccomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well-known to thoseskilled in the art.

A therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functionalanalogue or variant thereof for administration to a patient, such as ahuman patient, on the basis of a daily dosage level may be from 0.01 to1000 mg of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof peradult (for example, from about 0.001 to 20 mg per kg of the patient'sbody weight, such as 0.01 to 10 mg/kg, for example greater than 0.1mg/kg and less than 20, 10, 5, 4, 3 or 2 mg/kg, such as about 1 mg/kg),administered in single or divided doses. Suitable doses to include indrug eluting stents are discussed below in relation to the fourth aspectof the invention.

The physician in any event will determine the actual dosage which willbe most suitable for any individual patient and it will vary with theage, weight and response of the particular patient. The above dosagesare exemplary of the average case. There can, of course, be individualinstances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited and such arewithin the scope of this invention.

For veterinary use, a compound of the invention is administered as asuitably acceptable formulation in accordance with normal veterinarypractice and the veterinary surgeon will determine the dosing regimenand route of administration which will be most appropriate for aparticular animal.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a drug eluting stent, whereinthe drug is Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof.

A stent is a scaffold used to maintain a blood vessel in an openposition, and is typically deployed during catheter based interventions.Drug eluting stents contain, in addition to a stent body, at least adrug and typically also a coating which allows for controlled elution ofthe drug. Typical stent bodies are at least partly flexible orarticulated (i.e., adjacent expansible ring segments are connected bylinks that articulate relative to one another) over their lengths sothat they may be advanced through the vasculature. Further they shouldhave sufficient mechanical strength after they are expanded, in order tomechanically augment the luminal wall strength and thus maintain lumenpatency. Stent bodies are typically tube-shaped and have a meshstructure. Suitable stent bodies are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,602,282 (Assignee Avantec Vascular Corporation). Stents havingexpansible ring segments joined by sigmoidal links and axial beams aredescribed in WO 99/17680 (Localmed Inc). Stents comprising expansiblerings including struts and hinges where the hinges are configured tohave different opening forces are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,020(Localmed Inc). Typical stents will have a length in the range fromabout 5 mm to 100 mm, usually being from about 8 mm to 50 mm. The small(radially collapsed) diameter of cylindrical stents will usually be inthe range from about 0.5 mm to 10 mm, more usually being in the rangefrom 0.8 mm to 1.25 mm. The expanded diameter will usually be in therange from about 1.5 mm to 50 mm, preferably being in the range fromabout 2.5 mm to 30 mm.

The stent body can be manufactured from any suitable material, includingstainless steel, titanium, nickel or alloys, such as cobalt chromealloys, or combinations thereof. Particularly suitable materials includemalleable metals, such as 300 series stainless steel, or resilientmetals, such as superelastic and shape memory alloys, e.g., NITRINOL®(nickel-titanium) alloys, spring stainless steels, and the like. It ispossible that the body segments could be formed from combinations ofthese metals, or combinations of these types of metals and othernon-metallic materials. Stent bodies may also be made of a bioresorbableor biodegradable material. A suitable biodegradable stent body is madefrom a polyester such as polylactide as described in Vogt et al (2004)European Heart Journal 25: 1330-40. This stent body was used as theplatform for eluting paclitaxel, which it was able to do over a periodof more than two months from deployment.

The Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof isincorporated onto or into the stent body by a method suitable to allowfor its gradual release following deployment of the stent.

Blindt et al (1999) Int J Artif Organs 22: 843-853 describe a method ofmolding stents from bioresorbable polymers such as poly-D-L-lactide,which they call CESP (controlled expansion of saturated polymers). TheCESP process is characterised by the exposure of an amorphous polymer toan inert gas at high pressure, such as carbon dioxide, which has aplasticizing effect, making it possible to process polylactides at atemperature close to room temperature. The low process temperatureconstitutes a key advantage for thermally sensitive polymers and allowsthe incorporation of thermally sensitive pharmaceutical additives duringthe molding process. Drug release kinetics can be regulated by differentpore sizes of the material. The CESP method was used Vogt et al, suprato make a poly-D-L-lactide paclitaxel eluting stent.

Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof may also beincorporated onto the stent body by coating the stent body after it hasbeen formed. In this embodiment, the stent body is coated with theAnnexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof and typicallyalso a further material, such as a polymer suitable to allow slowrelease of the Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof.Typically, in this embodiment, the stent body comprises a metal, asdescribed above. However, a coating may also be applied in the case ofbioerodible or biodegradable stent bodies, even if these also includeAnnexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof incorporated at themolding stage.

Suitably, where the stent body is coated, there is at least one, two,three or more coatings. US 2006/0083772 (DeWitt et al) describessuitable coating compositions and their use in applying a bioactiveagent to a surface of an implantable medical device, such as a stent, ina manner that will permit the bioactive agent to be released from thecoating in vivo. The composition comprises a plurality of compatiblepolymers having different properties that can permit them to be combinedtogether to provide an optimal combination of such properties asdurability, biocompatibility and release kinetics. The coatingcomposition described in US 2006/0083772 comprises one or more bioactiveagents in combination with a plurality of polymers, including: (a) afirst polymer component comprising a polymer selected from the groupconsisting of (i) ethylene copolymers with other alkylenes, (ii)polybutenes, (iii) aromatic group-containing copolymers, (iv)epichlorohydrin-containing polymers, (v)poly(alkylene-co-alkyl(meth)acrylates), and (vi) diolefin-derived,non-aromatic polymers and copolymers; and (b) a second polymer componentcomprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting ofpoly(alkyl(meth)acrylates) and poly(aromatic(meth)acrylates), where“(meth)” includes such molecules in either the acrylic and/ormethacrylic form (corresponding to the acrylates and/or methacrylates,respectively). Criteria for selection of polymers and in vitro tests fordetermining release rate of an active agent are also disclosed in US2006/0083772. Furthermore, US 2006/0083772 discloses pre-treatment ofstents by coating with materials such as silane and/or a polymer of thelow-molecular-weight dimer of para-chloro-xylylene (PARYLENE® C;chemical vapor deposited poly(p-xylylene) polymers; Speciality CoatingSystems (Indianapolis)), in order to improve adherence of subsequentpolymer layers. A top-coat layer may also be included, to improvebiocompatibility, protect against delamination, and./or to reduceinitial drug elution rates to provide for longer elution times.

US2005/0037052 (Medtronic Vascular, Inc.) discloses drug eluting stentshaving coatings of between 1 μm and 1000 μm thickness. In oneconfiguration the drug-containing coating is applied directly to thedevice surface or onto a polymer primer coat such a parylene. Dependingon the solubility rate and profile desired, the drug is either entirelysoluble within the polymer matrix, or evenly dispersed throughout. Thedrug concentration present in the polymer matrix ranges from 0.1% byweight to 80% by weight. In another configuration, a drug-free polymerbarrier, or cap coat is applied over the drug-containing coating. Thedrug-containing coating serves as a drug reservoir. Generally, theconcentration of drug present in the reservoir ranges from about 0.1% byweight to as much as 100%. The barrier coating participates incontrolling drug release rates in at least three ways. Firstly, if thebarrier coat has a solubility constant different from the underlyingdrug-containing coating, the drug's diffusivity through the barrier coatis regulated as a function of the barrier coating's solubility factors.The more miscible the drug is in the barrier coat, the quicker it willelute form the device surface and visa versa. This coating configurationis commonly referred to as a reservoir coating. Secondly, the barriercoat may comprise a porous network where the coating acts as a molecularsieve. The larger the pores relative to the size of the drug, the fasterthe drug will elute. Moreover, intramolecular interactions will alsodetermine the elution rates. Finally, while coating thickness isgenerally a minor factor in determining overall drug-release rates andprofile, it is nevertheless an additional factor that can be used totune the coatings. Basically, if all other physical and chemical factorsremain unchanged, the rate at which a given drug diffuses through agiven coating is inversely proportional to the coating thickness. It ispossible to use the controlled release coatings described inUS2005/0037052 with a cap coat. For example, US2005/0037052 discloses ametal stent having a parylene primer coat applied to its bare metalsurface. Over the primer coat a drug-releasing polymer coating or blendof polymers is applied. Over the drug-containing coating a polymer capcoat is applied. The cap coat may optionally serve as a diffusionbarrier to further control the drug release, or provide a separate drug.The cap coat may be merely a biocompatible polymer applied to thesurface of the stent to protect the stent and have no effect on elusionrates. US2005/0037052 also discloses methods for coating a stent withthe various polymer compositions.

Where a polymer is used in the coating, it may be a durable polymer or abiodegradable polymer. the polymer can be selected from polyurethanes,polyethylene terephthalate, PLLA-poly-glycolic acid (PGA) copolymer(PLGA), polycaprolactone, polyalkanoate polymers and copolymers such aspoly-(hydroxybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate) copolymer,poly(vinylpyrrolidone),polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), poly(etherurethane urea), silicones, acrylics, epoxides,polyesters, urethanes, parlenes, polyphosphazene polymers,fluoropolymers, polyamides, polyolefins, and mixtures thereof.

The stent can further be coated with a layer of an antithromboticmaterial comprising or consisting of one or more agents selected frompolysaccharides, heparin, gelatin, collagen, alginate, hyalunic acid,alginic acid, carrageenan, chondroitin, pectin, chitosan, and theirderivatives and copolymers. Suitably, these agents can be incorporatedin a biocompatible topcoat, as described in US 2006/0083772.

Suitable drug-eluting stents may be made using the coating methods andmaterials described above. In vitro tests may be performed to assessdrug release profiles in aqueous media, as described in US2005/0037052and US 2006/0083772. Suitably, a drug eluting stent according to thefourth aspect of the invention should release the Annexin A5 orfunctional analogue or variant thereof over a period of at least 1 day,at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days or even 100or 150 days following deployment. Suitably, no more than 60%, 70%, 80%or 90% is released in the first third of the period over which the stentreleases the Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof.

A suitable quantity of Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variantthereof may be in the range of about one microgram to about 10 milligram(mg) of bioactive agent per cm² of the effective surface area of thedevice, and typically between about 5 μg and about 10 mg, more typicallybetween about 1 μg and about 1 mg. In Vogt et al, supra, the stent had asurface area of 87 mm² and contained 170 μg of paclitaxel.

A fifth aspect of the invention provides a method for making a stent fordelivering Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof to apatient, comprising incorporating Annexin A5 or a functional analogue orvariant thereof into or onto a stent body. Methods suitable forincorporating a drug into or onto a stent body are described in Blindtet al (1999) Int J Artif Organs 22: 843-853, US2005/0037052 and US2006/0083772.

In a preferred embodiment of the fifth aspect of the invention, themethod comprises a) providing a stent body having a surface, and b)applying a coating over at least a portion of said surface, wherein saidcoating comprises Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variantthereof. Suitably, the luminal surface, or the transluminal surface orboth surfaces are coated. Methods of coating a stent body, and suitablecoating compositions are described in US2005/0037052 and US2006/0083772. Art-known methods such as dipping, spraying, ultrasonic-or vacuum-deposition may be employed to apply a coating of a solution ofa material in a suitable solvent. US2005/0037052 describes that aporosity gradient in the coating can be attained by phase separation,such as by addition of a non-solvent to the polymer solution. The higherthe amount of non-solvent, the higher the degree of phase separation andthe higher the porosity in the film. The coat next to the stent surfacemay be formulated with the highest amount of non-solvent to exhibit themost porosity. Successive coats of drug-polymer solutions may then beformulated with decreasing amounts of non-solvent which will provide acoating system with progressively lower porosity.

In another embodiment of the fifth aspect of the invention, the methodcomprises molding a stent from a composition comprising a polymer andAnnexin A5 or a functional analogue or variant thereof. A method ofmolding a stent from a mixture of a polymer and a drug compound isdisclosed in Blindt et al (1999) Int J Artif Organs 22: 843-853.

The Annexin A5 or functional analogue or variant thereof referred to inrelation to any of the first to fifth aspects of the invention may beselected from:

a) human Annexin A5 (SEQ ID NO:1);

b) a mammalian orthologue of human Annexin A5;

c) an allelic or genetic variant of a) or b);

d) a functional analogue of Annexin which is a protein which is morethan 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, such as more than 80%, 85%, more than 90%, oreven more preferably more than 95% or 99% identical to human Annexin A5,SEQ ID NO:1;

e) a dimer of, or fusion protein comprising, any of a), b), c) or d);and

f) a PEGylated variant of any of a), b), c), d) or e).

In particular embodiments, the functional analogue or variant of AnnexinA5 according to the invention is more than 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, such asmore than 80%, 85%, more than 90%, or even more preferably more than 95%or 99% identical to human Annexin A5, SEQ ID NO:1.

The percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined asfollows. First, an amino acid sequence is compared to, for example, SEQID NO:1 using the BLAST 2 Sequences (BI2seq) program from thestand-alone version of BLASTZ containing BLASTN version 2.0.14 andBLASTP version 2.0.14. This stand-alone version of BLASTZ can beobtained from the U.S. government's National Center for BiotechnologyInformation web site at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Instructions explaining how touse the BI2seq program can be found in the readme file accompanyingBLASTZ. BI2seq performs a comparison between two amino acid sequencesusing the BLASTP algorithm. To compare two amino acid sequences, theoptions of BI2seq are set as follows: -i is set to a file containing thefirst amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); -j is setto a file containing the second amino acid sequence to be compared(e.g., C:\seq2.txt); -p is set to blastp; -o is set to any desired filename (e.g., C:\output.txt); and all other options are left at theirdefault setting. For example, the following command can be used togenerate an output file containing a comparison between two amino acidsequences: C:\Bl2seq c:\seq1.txt -j c:\seq2.txt -p blastp -oc:\output.txt. If the two compared sequences share homology, then thedesignated output file will present those regions of homology as alignedsequences. If the two compared sequences do not share homology, then thedesignated output file will not present aligned sequences. Once aligned,the number of matches is determined by counting the number of positionswhere an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue is presented in bothsequences.

The percent identity is determined by dividing the number of matches bythe length of the sequence set forth in an identified sequence followedby multiplying the resulting value by 100. For example, if a sequence iscompared to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (the length of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 is 320) and the number of matches is288, then the sequence has a percent identity of 90 (i.e.,288÷320*100=90) to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

Thus, a functional analogue or variant of Annexin A5 may be a proteinwherein at one or more positions there have been amino acid insertions,deletions, or substitutions, either conservative or non-conservative,provided that such changes result in a protein whose basic properties tofunction in an equivalent manner to Annexin A5 have not significantlybeen changed. “Significantly” in this context means that one skilled inthe art would say that the properties of the variant may still bedifferent but would not be unobvious over the ones of the originalprotein.

By “conservative substitutions” is intended combinations such as Gly,Ala; Val, Ile, Leu; Asp, Glu; Asn, Gln; Ser, Thr; Lys, Arg; and Phe,Tyr.

Such variants may be made using the methods of protein engineering andsite-directed mutagenesis which are well known in the art.

The functional analogue or variant of Annexin A5 according to theinvention may be a dimer of Annexin A5 (such as DiAnnexin A5) or afunctional analogue or variant thereof, or may be a PEGylated Annexin A5or a functional analogue or variant thereof. DiAnnexinA5 and PEGylatedAnnexinA5 are disclosed in WO 02/067857.

PEGylation is a method well known to those skilled in the art wherein apolypeptide or peptidomimetic compound (for the purposes of the presentinvention, Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant) is modifiedsuch that one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules are covalentlyattached to the side chain of one or more amino acids or derivativesthereof. It is one of the most important molecule altering structuralchemistry techniques (MASC). Other MASC techniques may be used; suchtechniques may improve the pharmacodynamic properties of the molecule,for example extending its half life in vivo. A PEG-protein conjugate isformed by first activating the PEG moiety so that it will react with,and couple to, the protein or peptidomimetic compound of the invention.PEG moieties vary considerably in molecular weight and conformation,with the early moieties (monofunctional PEGs; mPEGs) being linear withmolecular weights of 12 kDa or less, and later moieties being ofincreased molecular weights. PEG2, a recent innovation in PEGtechnology, involves the coupling of a 30 kDa (or less) mPEG to a lysineamino acid (although PEGylation can be extended to the addition of PEGto other amino acids) that is further reacted to form a branchedstructure that behaves like a linear mPEG of much greater molecularweight (Kozlowski et al., (2001), Biodrugs 15, 419-429). Methods thatmay be used to covalently attach the PEG molecules to polypeptides arefurther described in Roberts et al., (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54,459-476, Bhadra et al., (2002) Pharmazie 57, 5-29, Kozlowski et al.,(2001) J Control Release 72, 217-224, and Veronese (2001) Biomaterials22, 405-417 and references referred to therein.

The advantages of PEGylation to the polypeptide or peptidomimeticcompound of the invention include reduced renal clearance which, forsome products, results in a more sustained adsorption afteradministration as well as restricted distribution, possibly leading to amore constant and sustained plasma concentrations and hence an increasein clinical effectiveness (Harris et al., (2001) Clin Pharmacokinet 40,539-551). Further advantages can include reduced immunogenicity of thetherapeutic compound (Reddy, (2001) Ann Pharmacother 34, 915-923), andlower toxicity (Kozlowski et al., (2001), Biodrugs 15, 419-429).

The functional analogue or variant of Annexin A5 can be a fusion proteincomprising the sequence of Annexin A5 or a variant thereof. Thus, forexample, Annexin A5 or a variant thereof can be fused to one or morefusion partner polypeptide sequence(s) so as to extend the half-life ofthe molecule within a patient's circulatory system and/or add furtherfunctionality to the molecule.

A “functional” analogue or variant of Annexin A5 may be capable ofbinding to phosphatidylserine on a biological membrane, preferably to alevel that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99% or about 100% of that displayed by human Annexin A5 (SEQ ID NO:1)under the same conditions. A suitable method for measuring Annexin A5binding to phosphatidylserine on a biological membrane is known in theart (Vermes, I., et al., A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometricdetection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cellsusing fluorescein labelled Annexin V. J Immunol Methods, 1995. 184(1):p. 39-51).

A “functional” analogue or variant of Annexin A5 may, additionally, oralternatively, possess at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99% or about 100% of the therapeutic activity human Annexin A5(SEQ ID NO:1) when used at the same (i.e. molar equivalent) dosage, forprophylaxis or treatment of restenosis in accordance with the firstaspect of the invention. In this context, the therapeutic activity of a“functional” analogue or variant of Annexin A5 may be determined,compared to that of human Annexin A5 (SEQ ID NO:1), by comparing theability of a molar equivalent amount of the functional analogue orvariant and of human Annexin A5 to treat or provide prophylaxis forrestenosis as described above, and/or by animal tests, such as using themethodology set out in the following examples.

One suitable test is as follows: 1. Maintain ApoE*3 Leiden mice on amildly hypercholesterolemic diet for 3 weeks prior to surgery; 2. oneday before surgery and for the remainder of the procedure, treat mice byintraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg bw/day of Annexin A5, or a molarequivalent amount of the functional analogue or variant of Annexin A5,or vehicle alone; 3. Cuff the femoral vein with non-constrictive finebore polyethylene tubing; 4. Sacrifice the mice three days after cuffplacement, and examine the vascular composition in the arterial lesion.5. Compare the results obtained in the mice treated by Annexin A5 withthose treated with the functional analogue or variant of Annexin A5, andthe untreated mice. Relevant parameters are: the ability of treatmentwith the Annexin A5 analogue or variant to reduce the percentage ofcells attached to endothelium identifiable as leukocytes, compared tothe untreated group; the ability of treatment with the Annexin A5analogue or variant to reduce the percentage of cells in the mediaidentifiable as leukocytes, compared to the untreated group. In eithercase, the Annexin A5 analogue or variant may have at least 10%, 20%,30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or about 100% of the effectof the Annexin A5 in reducing either or both of these effects.

Another suitable test is as follows: 1. Maintain ApoE*3 Leiden mice on ahigh fat diet for 3 weeks prior to surgery; 2. One day before surgery,or at the day of surgery, and for the remainder of the procedure, treatmice by intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg bw/day of Annexin A5, or amolar equivalent amount of the functional analogue or variant of AnnexinA5, or vehicle alone; 3. Graft the inferior caval vein from a littermateinto the common carotid artery; 4. Sacrifice the mice 28 days after veingrafting, and examine the vascular composition and dimensions of thevein graft. 5. Compare the results obtained in the mice treated byAnnexin A5 with those treated with the functional analogue or variant ofAnnexin A5, and the untreated mice. Relevant parameters are: the abilityof treatment with the Annexin A5 analogue or variant to reduce thenumber of leukocytes in the vein graft wall, compared to the untreatedgroup; the ability of treatment with the Annexin A5 analogue or variantto reduce vein graft thickening i.e. neointima area of longitudinalcross-section, compared to the untreated group. In either case, theAnnexin A5 analogue or variant may have at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or about 100% of the effect of theAnnexin A5 in reducing either or both of these effects.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate particularembodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skillin the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which followrepresent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in thepractice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitutepreferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the artshould, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changescan be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and stillobtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention.

Example 1: Mouse Vein Graft Model

In a mouse model of CABG is a vein graft taken from a donor mouse. In arecipient mouse, a carotid artery is freed from surrounding tissue, andblood flow is stopped by the placement of two artery clamps. The vesselis then sectioned between the two artery clamps, and the vein graft issutured to fit between the two artery ends. When this procedure isfinished, the clamps are removed and blood flow is restored. A detaileddescription of the method is published (Zou et al., 1998)

When 4 weeks has elapsed, a neointima has formed in the vein graft. Thedimension of the neointima is measured histologically after terminationof the mice. If the mice used are hyperlipidemic, e.g. apoE (−/−) micethat are given a high fat diet or apoE*3-Leiden mice that are also givena high fat diet, the neointima will develop more rapidly than in normalmice. In such mice, the lesions may reach a so severe state that one cansee evidence of endothelial erosion, intraplaque haemorrhage anddissemination, i.e. similar consequences that can happen in patients.

The dimensions of the neointima in mouse vein grafts can besignificantly reduced by treatment with Annexin A5. A daily injection of1 mg Annexin A5/kg bw intraperitoneally will reduce the neointima by atleast 20%, showing the efficacy of the treatment.

Example 2: Mouse Perivascular Cuff Model

A cuff placed around the femoral artery of a mouse will lead to therapid development of a neointima. This model has been used as a model ofthe neointima formation caused by PCI, and it has been used to evaluatethe effects of anti-restenotic drugs (Pires et al., 2006). Theneointimal lesions will contain smooth muscle cells, but there will alsobe recruitment of circulating white cells into the lesions, especiallyif the procedure is carried out in mice that are hyperlipidemic. Thedevelopment of the lesions is rapid, and a significant lesion is seenalready within 1 week.

The dimensions of the neointima in mouse vein grafts may besignificantly reduced by treatment with Annexin A5, and/or thepercentage of the total number of cells attached to the endotheliumand/or present in the media which are identifiable as leukocytes, suchas macrophages, may be significantly decreased. A daily injection of 1mg Annexin A5/kg bw intraperitoneally may reduce the neointima by atleast 20%, showing the efficacy of the treatment.

Summary. An unwanted effect of surgical interventions aiming atrestoring normal blood flow to ischaemic tissue is restenosis of thevessel that has been dilated by PCI or in the graft vessels used tobypass the stenosed arterial segment. In animal models of restenosis, itwas surprisingly found that Annexin A5 reduced the development ofrestenosis.

Example 3: Mouse Perivascular Cuff Model—Experimental Results

Balloon angioplasty (with or without stent placement) is a common way torestore blood flow to e.g. ischaemic myocardium in patients with anginapectoris or myocardial infarction. The procedure triggers aninflammation in the dilated vessel segment, which may lead torestenosis, i.e. the dilated vessel segment becomes again stenotic dueto the development of a so called neointima. This phenomenon may lead toa need for a repeated vascularisation procedure in as many as 30-50% ofthe patients within 3-12 months if a stent is not placed in the dilatedvessel segment. A bare metal stent can reduce the restenosis rate, butas many as 15-30% may still need revascularisation within 3-12 months.

Placement of a perivascular plastic cuff around the femoral artery in amouse is an experimental model of an inflammation driven neointimaformation, i.e. it is a restenosis model. We tested if annexin A5 couldaffect neointima formation in this model.

Experimental

Male ApoE*3 Leiden mice were fed a mildly hypercholesterolemic diet for3 weeks prior to experimental procedure, which continued until the endof the experimental period. One day before surgery the mice wererandomized in one of the treatment groups on the basis of plasmacholesterol, triglyceride levels and body weight. Treatment with 1 mg/kgbw/day of annexin A5 (intraperitoneal injection) was started one daybefore cuff placement and continued daily during the experimentalperiod. At day 0 surgery was performed, i.e. a non-constricting cuff wasplaced around each femoral artery of the mice. The mice were sacrificed3 days after the cuff placement.

Surgical Procedure of Cuff Placement

Mice were anesthetized before surgery by intraperitoneal administrationof a combination of Midazolam (5 mg/kg, Roche, Woerden, TheNetherlands), Medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg, Orion, Espoo, Finland) andFentanyl (0.05 mg/kg, Janssen, Berchem, Belgium). This cocktail ofanaesthetics gives complete narcosis for at least one hour. Aftershaving the inner side of both legs and disinfecting the surgery areawith alcohol (70%) a longitudinal 1 cm incision was made in the internalside of the leg. Next, a 3 mm length of the femoral artery was dissectedfree from the femoral nerve and femoral vein. The femoral artery waslooped with a 6/0 silk ligature (0.7 metric B/BRAUN, Tuttlingen,Germany) for careful manoeuvring of the artery. A non-constrictive finebore polyethylene tubing (Portex, Kent, UK; 0.40 mm inner diameter, 0.80mm outer diameter and an approximate length of 2 mm) was longitudinallyopened and sleeved loosely around the femoral artery. The cuff wasclosed up with two 6/0 silk ligature knots. The skin was closed with acontinued suture. After surgery, anaesthesia was antagonizedsubcutaneously with Atipamezol and Flumazenil. Animals were placed in aclean cage on top of a heating pad for at least 4 hours.

Sacrifice of the Animals

For histological analysis, animals were sacrificed 3 days after cuffplacement. After anaesthesia (Midazolam/Medetomidine/Fentanyl) and bloodsampling, the thorax was opened and a mild pressure-perfusion (100 mmHg)with 3.7% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (wt/vol) wasperformed for 5 minutes by cardiac puncture in the left ventricle. Afterperfusion, the cuffed femoral artery was harvested, fixed overnight in3.7% formaldehyde in PBS (wt/vol) and paraffin-embedded. Serial crosssections (5-μm thick) were taken from the entire length of the cuffedfemoral artery segment for histological analysis.

Blood Sampling

Blood was collected in K₂EDTA capillary tubes (Microvette, Sarstedt,Germany) from the tail (one day before surgery for randomization) or bycaval vein (sacrifice). Capillary tubes were kept cool at 4° C. for halfan hour followed by centrifugation at 6000 RPM (1200 G) for 10 minutesin a cooled 4° C. centrifuge. Plasma was subsequently aliquoted forfurther analysis. At sacrifice, the plasma was aliquoted in 1.5 mlpolypropylene tubes (Eppendorf), one sample of 20 μl for cholesterol andtriglyceride analysis and the remaining plasma for reserve analysis.Samples were stored at −80° C.

Cholesterol and total triglycerides levels were determined in the plasmasamples taken one day before surgery and at sacrifice. Total plasmacholesterol was measured enzymatically with kit 1489437 (RocheDiagnostics, Almere, The Netherlands) and total triglycerideconcentrations were measured with kit 148872 (Roche Diagnostics, Almere,The Netherlands).

Vascular Composition

The vascular composition was analyzed by immunocytochemistry andhistomorphometric analysis with regard to the number of leukocytes(anti-CD45 antibodies dilution 1:200, Pharmingen, San Diego, USA),monocytes and macrophages (AIA 31240 macrophage staining dilution1:3000, Accurate Chemical, Wesbury, USA) and cells expressing tumornecrosis factor alpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha staining dilution1:200, BioLegend, San Diego, Calif., USA) and monocyte chemotacticprotein-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 staining dilution 1:100, SantaCruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, Calif., USA) in the cuffed femoralarteries.

Results Vascular Composition of Cuffed Femoral Artery Lesions

The percentage of the total number of cells attached to the endotheliumidentified as leukocytes was significantly decreased by 71.3% (p=0.015)to 9.69±8.9% in the recombinant human annexin A5 treated group incomparison to the vehicle group (34.2±3.0%). The percentage of the totalnumber of cells in the media identified as leukocytes was significantlydecreased by 69.0% (p=0.031) to 6.1±2.6% in the recombinant humanannexin A5 treated group in comparison to the vehicle group (19.55±4.6%)(FIG. 1).

Monocytes and Macrophages

The percentage of the total number of cells attached to the endotheliumidentified as macrophages was significantly decreased by 51.4% (p=0.014)to 11.9±2.3% in the recombinant human annexin A5 treated group incomparison to the vehicle group (24.5±3.5%). The percentage of the totalnumber of cells in the media identified as macrophages was significantlydecreased by 87.3% (p=0.018) to 1.8±0.9% in the recombinant humanannexin A5 treated group in comparison to the vehicle group (14.2±5.5%)(FIG. 2).

The percentage of the total number of cells attached to the endotheliumidentified as cells expressing MCP-1 such as inflammatory cells and SMCswas significantly decreased by 31.0% (p=0.003) to 33.9±3.1% in therecombinant human annexin A5 treated group in comparison to the vehiclegroup (49.1±2.2%). The percentage of the total number of cells in themedia identified as cells expressing MCP-1 was significantly decreasedby 52.7% (p=0.001) to 14.7±2.8% in the recombinant human annexin A5treated group in comparison to the vehicle group (31.1±1.8%) (FIG. 3).The number of cells expressing TNFa was also significantly reduced inthe treatment group as compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

These experiments demonstrate clearly the anti-inflammatory effects ofannexin A5 in this model of inflammation driven vascular disease.Inflammation (measured as accumulation of leucocytes in the vessel wall)was markedly inhibited by annexin A5 treatment. Furthermore, annexin A5could also significantly reduce the number of inflammatory cells thatwere activated, as fewer cells were staining positive for thepro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1. The results strongly support thatannexin A5 is an effective treatment for the prevention of restenosisfollowing balloon angioplasty (with or without stent placement)

Example 4: Mouse Vein Graft Model—Experimental Results

Vein grafting, the bypassing of a stenosed vascular segment, is a methodto restore blood flow to an organ that has become ischaemic. The mostcommon application is the placement of a so called coronary arterybypass graft (CABG). Today this procedure is common to restore bloodflow to ischaemic myocardium in patients where the location of thestenosis is not suitable for catheter based intervention. When a veingraft is placed in the arterial circulation, its morphology will adoptto the higher blood pressure and blood flow rates in the arterialcirculation. Although this procedure is effective, and has rescued manyindividuals with coronary heart disease, it is associated with a risk ofrestenosis, a process where the grafted vein develops a neointima thatwill obstruct blood flow. We investigated if annexin A5 can affectneointima formation in a mouse model of CABG. In this experiment, whichhad a duration of 28 days, we used both human and murine annexin A5.This is because a human protein may give rise to a non-specific immunereaction in mice that might mask an eventual treatment effect.

Experimental

Male ApoE*3 Leiden mice were fed a cholesterol-rich high-fat diet toinduce hypercholesterolemia. The diet contained 0.05% cholate (toimprove intestinal cholesterol uptake and suppress bile acid synthesis,both leading to increased plasma cholesterol levels) and 1% cholesterol(as well as 20% casein, 1% choline chloride, 0.2% methionine, 15% cocoabutter, 40.5% sucrose, 10% cornstarch, 1% corn oil, 5.1% cellulose and5.1% mineral mixture). They received the diet three weeks prior tosurgery and the diet was continued throughout the entire experiment. Themice were given drinking water that was acidified to pH 2.8 with HCl.All animals received food and water ad libitum during the entireexperiment.

Treatment

In this study experiments were performed with three different treatmentgroups. The groups were as follows:

-   -   Control group, receiving vehicle only (phosphate buffered saline        (PBS)) and undergoing vein graft surgery.    -   Treatment group I, undergoing vein graft surgery and receiving        recombinant human annexin A5 at a concentration 1 mg/kg/day via        intraperitoneal injection, starting on the day of the surgery.    -   Treatment group II, undergoing vein graft surgery and receiving        recombinant murine annexin A5 at a concentration 1 mg/kg/day via        intraperitoneal injection, starting on the day of the surgery.

Surgical Procedure of Vein Grafting

Mice were anesthetized before surgery by intraperitoneal administrationof a combination of Midazolam, Medetomidine and Fentanyl. This cocktailof anaesthetics gives complete narcosis for at least one hour. Aftershaving the neck area and disinfecting the surgery area with alcohol(70%) a longitudinal 1 cm incision was made in the frontal side of theneck. The right common carotid artery was dissected free from itssurroundings from the bifurcation at the distal end towards the proximalend. The vessel was ligated twice with an 8.0 silk ligature (B/BRAUN,Tuttlingen, Germany) and dissected between the middle ties. A cuff wasplaced over both ends after which these were everted over the cuffs andligated with an 8.0 silk ligature. Littermates were used as donor forthe inferior caval vein. The carefully harvested inferior caval vein wastemporarily preserved in a 0.9% NaCl solution, containing 100 U/ml ofheparin at 4° C., to prevent coagulation and was interpositioned betweenthe ends of the artery. The connections were ligated together with an8.0 silk suture. Pulsations confirmed successful engraftment. Aftersurgery, anaesthesia was antagonized subcutaneously with Atipamezol (2.5mg/kg, Roche, Woerden, The Netherlands) and Flumazenil (0.5 mg/kg Orion,Espoo, Finland). Animals were placed in a clean cage on top of a heatingpad for at least 4 hours.

Sacrifice of the Animals

Sacrifice was performed as described in Example 3, except that the veingraft, rather than the cuffed artery, was harvested, fixed, sectionedand stained.

Blood Sampling

Blood sampling and cholesterol and total triglyceride analyses wereperformed as described in Example 3.

Analysis of Vein Graft Thickening

Vein graft thickening was quantified using 6 equally spacedperpendicular cut serial sections of the vein graft.

Leukocytes

The vascular composition was analyzed by immunocytochemistry andhistomorphometric analysis. Leukocytes were identified by reactivity toanti-CD45 antibodies (Pharmingen, San Diego, USA) and were quantified asnumber of positive cells per high power field.

Results Vein Graft Thickening

To study the role of annexin A5 on vein graft thickening, recombinanthuman or murine annexin A5 (1 mg/kg, dissolved in 150 μl vehicle) wasadministered daily via intraperitoneal injection to the different groups(n=10 mice per group). A vehicle only group was used as control group(n=10 mice). Mean vein graft thickening, by measurement of the areabetween the lumen and adventitia, was quantified for each group 28 daysafter surgery. Vein graft thickening was significantly decreased by 48%to 0.13±0.01 mm² (p=0.006) and by 40% to 0.15±0.01 mm² (p=0.018) inrecombinant human and murine annexin A5 treated groups, in comparison tothe vehicle group (0.25±0.05 mm²) (FIG. 4).

A larger luminal area was seen in the recombinant human (0.44±0.03 mm²,p=0.126) and murine (0.41±0.04 mm², p=0.886) annexin A5 treated groups,in comparison to the vehicle group (0.38±0.03 mm²).

Leukocytes

The number of leukocytes in the vein graft wall was counted after 28days as a marker of inflammation and resulted in a significant decreasein the number of leukocytes of 45.8% in the recombinant human annexin A5(28.8±2.3 cells, p=0.003) and of 41.8% in the recombinant murine annexinA5 (30.9±3.0 cells, p=0.025) treated groups in comparison to the vehiclegroup (53.1±6.1 cells) (FIG. 5).

CONCLUSION

The rapid development of a neointima in vein grafts is a clinicalproblem resulting in restenosis, i.e. the lumen of the grafted veinbecomes reduced and blood flow restricted. This study clearly shows thatannexin A5 treatment, using either human or murine annexin A5,effectively reduced the neointima growth in the vein grafts, andprevented lumen narrowing. The rapid development of a neointima is aninflammation driven process, and it is likely that the beneficialeffects of annexin A5 were linked to the anti-inflammatory effects ofthe treatment (seen as a reduction in leukocyte accumulation in thegrafts, and as shown in example 3). Both human and murine annexin A5yielded similar results, showing that human annexin A5 did not triggerany non-specific immune reaction in the mice that could have masked thetreatment effects. The results strongly support that annexin A5 is aneffective treatment for the prevention of vein graft restenosis.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will beapparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied tothe compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence ofsteps of the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will beapparent that certain agents which are both chemically andphysiologically related may be substituted for the agents describedherein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All suchsimilar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in theart are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference:

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PCT Appln. WO 2005/099744

U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,282 (Assignee Avantec Vascular Corporation).

WO 99/17680 (Localmed Inc).

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What is claimed:
 1. A method of treating or reduction in the developmentof vascular inflammation in a subject comprising administering to saidsubject a therapeutically effective amount of Annexin A5 or a functionalanalog or variant thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidAnnexin A5 or functional analog or variant thereof reduces or preventsof the activation of inflammatory cells in the vascular endothelium. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein said Annexin A5 or functional analog orvariant thereof reduces the accumulation of leukocytes in the vascularendothelium.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the vascular inflammationis provoked by an intervention for the treatment of stenosis.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the intervention for the treatment ofstenosis is a surgical intervention.
 6. The method of claim 4, whereinthe intervention for the treatment of stenosis is a catheter-basedintervention.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective amount of Annexin A5 or a functional analogue or variantthereof is administered parenterally, intravenously, intra-arterially,intra-peritoneally, intra-muscularly, subcutaneously or is administeredlocally from a drug eluting stent.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theAnnexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof is administeredin conjunction with a thrombolytic therapeutic.
 9. The method of claim1, wherein the Annexin A5 or the functional analogue or variant thereofis selected from the group consisting of: a) human Annexin A5 (SEQ IDNO:1); b) a mammalian orthologue of human Annexin A5; an allelic orgenetic variant of a) or b); d) a functional analogue of Annexin whichis a protein which is more than 50%, more than 75%, such as more than80%, more than 90%, or even more preferably more than 95% identical tohuman Annexin A5, SEQ ID NO:1; e) a dimer of, or fusion proteincomprising, any of a), b), c) or d); and f) a PEGylated variant of anyof a), b), c), d) or e).
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the AnnexinA5 or the functional analogue or variant thereof is human recombinantAnnexin A5.
 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the surgical interventionis bypass grafting.
 12. The method of claim 6, wherein thecatheter-based intervention is balloon angioplasty with or withoutimplantation of a stent, and with or without atherectomy.
 13. The methodof claim 8, wherein the thrombolytic therapeutic is aspirin,clopidogrel, triclopidine, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, or abacterial enzyme.